ANTH ROPOLOGICAL PAPERS 


OF 


THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 
VOLUME XXX, PART V 


oS e esas RELATIONS OF PREHISTORIC POTTERY 
) TYPES IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA 


By Erics F, Scum 


a By ORDER OF THE oe 
' er OF: : 
Peres THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 
: New York Crry 
- 1928 


hs | A oe we Arited | al | Deformation of 


“An Aboris 


whe 


_ Pp. 75-97, and 12 text fines ee 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS 


OF 


THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 


VOLUME XXX, PART V 


TIME-RELATIONS OF PREHISTORIC POTTERY 
TYPES IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA 


By Ericu F. Scumipt 


By ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES 
OF 
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 
New York City ; 
1928 


TIME-RELATIONS OF PREHISTORIC POTTERY TYPES IN 
SOUTHERN ARIZONA 


By Ericu F. ScHMIpT 


247 


CONTENTS 


| PAGE 
INTRODUCTION . é . : : ; . 258 
CERAMIC AREAS IN THE LOWER GILA REGION : ; , eos 
CENTRAL GILA POLYCHROME . : ; : é : - 204 
LOWER SALT RED-ON-YELLOW . ihm ee ; 5 > ; : ee Ge 
LitTLE CoLorRapo WARES . , ‘ . 256 
STRATIGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS AT PUEBLO GRANDE AND LA 
CIUDAD IN THE LOWER GILA REGION : : Cae ZOG 
POTTERY IN THE ReFruse Heaps OF PUEBLO GRANDE AND LA Gropas . 260 
DISTRIBUTION OF SHERDS COMPRISING THE PRINCIPAL PoTTERY CLASSES 
AT PUEBLO GRANDE . : 260 
DISTRIBUTION OF SHERDS Cauearenes THE Paryocere, Boteee Caissne 
ATLaCrupadb... 262 
Ratio OF SHERDS eeeuiainG THE Peinorenie Deer Crinehe AT 
PuEBLO GRANDE AND LA Ciupap . ; 262 
FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION OF DECORATED eee AT Pogare Ges 266 
FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION OF DECORATED WARE AT LA CiupApD Peay & | 
Types oF LOWER SALT WARE AT PUEBLO GRANDE AND LA CiupapD . Pay ae: 
DISTRIBUTION OF LITTLE COLORADO TYPES AT PUEBLO GRANDE Syieie nad O 
EE GE RR Se a : : . ran eo d Pe PAE) ej 
POTTERY TYPES . ; ; : : : ; ‘ : : eee ABB 
_ DrcoraTep Bee Peru ; : : ; : : ‘ : . 286 
LOWER SALT WARE Preys ee, Wars Sig re es een ha ore ear aeeey 
“CENTRAL GILA POLYCHROME Cate Hoe Sa Weare See Yad wer they eek ah eae 
LITTLE COLORADO WARE . i 3 : : 4 é : . 289 
Black-on-White_ . ‘ : : 3 : ; : . 291 
Black-on-Red : ; : : : ” ; : . 294 
WH ordered Black-on-Red ; : 294 
Black-(Glaze)-on-Brown and Black- iin vat White oneBiown 294 
Black-on-Buff : P : ‘ : ; ; ; : ‘ . 204 
Penh elie. fos aoe oe RE ete ka cs. Aly | Sag 
WARE OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN ; : 7 : : . 298 
Red eee ha. nuit Black Polished-Titerior é f 298 
DrcorATED PorrrRY—CoRRUGATED INDENTED AND SLIGHTLY THEeNT, 298 
UNDECORATED POTTERY . . ; : ? : : 3 : ; 208 
BLACK-POLISHED-INTERIOR. . . 36, te Sah eenrnh hectean hae aa ee eae ine 
PLAIN WARE . : : : j é : : ‘ : ; 5 pricy, pa’ 


249 


a 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Text FIGURES 


Lower Gila Area, Arizona . : s - . Facing 


Refuse Heap of Pueblo Grande, sarin Pgenvation 


. Conjunction of Ancient Irrigation Canal with Salt River, near Puabie 


Grande . 

Sectioning of Refuse Heap ug Siete Granda: : 

Distribution (in percentages) of the Sherds comprising he: Paine! 
Pottery Classes, Pueblo Grande 

Distribution of the Sherds comprising the Peel Be teery Chase at Tn 
Ciudad Yeas 

Cross-Section of echern esceh Wall, Pueblo Grande 

North Wall of Trench with Well-Marked Layers, containing Ghacenal ai 
Ashes, Pueblo Grande 

Variations in the Ratio of Sherds eomacie the Buanipel Pottery ae 
at Pueblo Grande 

Distribution (in percentages) a Decopuad Shenis as neficd 1 in Table 2 
Pueblo Grande , 

Variations of the Ratio of ecocnted Sherds as eiaseifiod ; in Table 2, Buebks 
Grande : 

Main Graph, erorited Ware (See Table 2), Pueblo frends 

Main Graph, Decorated Ware of La Ciudad, corresponding to Fig. 12 

Main Graph, Lower Salt Ware, showing Relations between the Two Types, 
Pueblo Grande : . 

Distribution (in percentages) of Little Colonadd eee Perebla Grande 

Proportions of Principal Pottery Classes at Pueblo Grande (a), Togetzoge 
(b), and Spring Creek (c) : 

Proportions of Decorated Wares at Pueblo eae (a), Powetroee (b), 
and Spring Creek (c) ; 

Proportions of Little Colorado Tepes at spring roc (a) and Pouetrope 
(b) . : ae heres aye. ae ee 

Time Relations of Brndpal Decorated aes! 

Red-on- Yellow Vessels, Lower Salt Region 

Incised Red-on-Yellow Sherds . ‘ 

Conventionalized Life Form Designs on Hedon-Vellow eaves epee: 
Salt Region . . 

Geometric Designs on Reon Vellow Ware, ewer Salt Reve i 

Unit All-Over Designs on Red-on-Yellow Ware, Lower Salt Region 

Central Gila Polychrome Vessels : , 3 aes ‘ 

Little Colorado Black-on-White Vessels . 

White-on-Red Vessels, Little Colorado Region 

Designs on Little Colorado Black-on-Red Ware é 

White-Bordered-Black-on-Red Ware from the Little Coleraga Henan 

White-on-Red Designs on Little Colorado Ware . , 

Ware of Unknown Origin, Red Brown-on-Buff, Black- Paliahed: Laterioe 

Slightly Indented Vessels . 


251 


PAGE 
254. 
255 


255 
258 


261 


263 
264 


264 


265 


267 


269 
270 
272 


274 
275 


279 


279 


283 
285 
287 
288 


290 
290 
291 
292 
293 
293 
295 
296 
297 
299 
299 


252 


33. 
34, 
35. 
36. 


Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXX, 


Corrugated-Indented Sherds from Refuse Mounds a and g, Be Creek . 


Plain Ware Vessels 
Plain Ware Vessels 
Onion Ware Urn, from near Pakcieiee 4, Retane Mound: g, ea Creek 


INTRODUCTION 


In 1925 the American Museum of Natural History, under the patron- 
age of Mrs. W. B. Thompson, carried on archeological explorations of the 
Lower Gila region in Arizona.!. To date only the northern part of this 
area has been investigated, but the facts presented herein may be applied 
to the entire district. 


Only a few archeologists have studied this highly interesting and 
important culture area. Cushing excavated Los Muertos, south of 
Mesa, in 1886, but his final results were never published.2 However, 
Hodge, who was a member of Cushing’s party, published a short descrip- 
tion of the ancient irrigation systems.’ Later, Fewkes excavated and 
repaired Casa Grande near Florence and also worked in different sec- 
tions of the Gila region,* while Hough surveyed ruins in the eastern part 
of the area. Recently, Kidder, in his Southwestern Archxology, has 
clearly outlined the most important archeological problems of this region 
and, in addition, has summarized the reports of previous workers, em- 
phasizing the necessity for stratigraphic research. 


Pottery is the principal instrument for this phase of archeological 
work registering most accurately the extent of certain culture areas 
and the cultural changes and relations of the ancient populations. 
For this reason the information derived from pottery while pursuing 
stratigraphic studies in the course of our explorations has been considered 
first in importance and forms the foundation and framework of the 
final report. 


1Schmidt, Erich F., ‘‘The Mrs. William Boyce Thompson Expedition” (Natural History, vol. 26, 
no. 6,pp. 635-644, 1927); ‘‘A Stratigraphic Study in the Gila-Salt Region, Arizona’ (Proceedings, 
National Academy of Sciences, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 291-298, 1927). 

2Cushing, F. M., ‘‘ Preliminary Notes on the Origin, Working Hypothesis, and Primary Researches 
of the Hemenway Southwestern Archeological Expedition’’ (Compte Rendu du Congrés International 
des Americanistes, septiéme session, pp. 151-194, Berlin, 1890). 

‘ A agi F. W., ‘‘ Prehistoric Irrigation in Arizona”’ (American Anthropologist, vol. 6, pp. 323-330, 
1893). 
4Fewkes, J. W., “‘Casa Grande, Arizona’? (Twenty-Eighth Annual Report, Bureau of American 
Ethnology, Washington, 1912); ‘Prehistoric Ruins of the Gila Valley’’ (Miscellaneous Collections, 
Smithsonian Institution, vol. 52, pp. 403-436, Washington, 1910). ” 

5Hough, W.., ‘‘ Antiquities of the Upper Gila and Salt River Valleys in Arizona and New Mexico” 
(Bulletin 35, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1912). 


253 


CERAMIC AREAS IN THE LOWER GILA REGION 


It will be seen that the Lower Gila region, hitherto considered a 
rather closely knit cultural unit, has within its boundaries three distinct 
ceramic areas (Fig. 1). The principal pottery types or groups for these 
sections are: Lower Salt, Central Gila, and Little Colorado, named 
according to the locality of their origin or affinity... 

The western part of this region is topographically divided into two - 
distinct zones—in the east a mountainous country and in the west the 
plains of the Saguaro desert. These topographical characteristics are 
parallelled by a corresponding dissimilarity in the ceramic pattern. 


CENTRAL GILA PoLYCHROME 


Excavations carried on within the limits of the mountainous area 
between the Gila and Salt rivers revealed a great preponderance of 
Central Gila polychrome ware in the pueblo ruins scattered over this 
territory... To be sure, this ware is found as far east as Deming, New » 
Mexico, and principally on both sides of the central Gila River from 
Solomonsville to Florence, as well as along the San Pedro River. How- 
ever, no investigator of the Lower Gila region has endeavored to de- 
termine whether the makers of this ware were also the builders of the 
settlements where it occurs, whether there is evidence of a dual occupa- 
tion, or whether the percentage of polychrome sherds is too small to 
indicate that they have been made in situ. Therefore, without a defini- 
tion of the proportions of the various pottery types found at given sites, 
statements as to the range of these types are in many cases liable to be 
misinterpreted. 


LOWER SALT RED-ON-YELLOW. 


During a short visit and subsequent close examinations of ruins 
situated on the Lower Salt River near Phoenix, it was determined that in 
this part of the Lower Gila region the prevailing decorated pottery is 
red-on-yellow. This ware is doubtless one of the most interesting of the 
Southwest. Its home is the desert and the center of the desert culture 
represented by this pottery was the territory now occupied by the city of 
Phoenix and the neighboring towns. The makers of this Lower Salt 
ware certainly built most of the numerous pueblo-like structures and 
associated small dwellings found on both sides of the Lower Salt and 


1The principal work was done at Togetzoge, a ruin situated on the grounds of the summer camp of 
the Magma Copper Company, between Superior and Miami, Arizona. Other type sites are: the 
pueblos three miles south of Cutter, Rice Schoolhouse (Hough, ibid., 39, No. 22), and the Hiley Rickley 
ruin near Globe, the latter site having been excavated by the owner. 


254 


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Fig. 1. Lower Gila Area, Arizona 


Insert Map: The Culture Areas of the Southwest, after A. V. Kidder, Southwestern 
Archxology. 1, San Juan; 2, Northern peripheral; 3, Rio Grande; 4, Easter n peripheral; 
5, Little Colorado; 6, Upper Gila; 7, Mimbres; 8, Lower Gila; 9, Chihuahua Basin. 


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Fig. 2 


Fig. 2. Refuse Heap of Pueblo Grande, during Excavation, as seen from 
top of Main Building. 


Fig. 3 
Fig. 3. Conjunction of Ancient Irrigation Canal with Salt River, near 
Pueblo Grande 


255 


256 Anthropological Papers American M useum of Natural History. [Vol. XXX, 


Gila rivers and along the tributaries joining the two streams at their 
lower course. These same people built the extensive irrigation canals, 
traces of which can still be seen in the vicinity of Phoenix (Fig. 3). 

To date the exact range of Lower Salt ware is not yet known. The 
northeastern and northern limits of its occurrence are the slopes of the 
mountains bordering the desert region. Its extent eastward along the 
Gila River could easily be determined by investigation of the Gila ruins. 
Of particular interest is the question whether the famous Casa Grande 
near Florence, and other structures of the same type, were built by the 
makers of this pottery. Lower Salt ware is found as far south as Tucson 
and Fresnal, southeast of Tucson.! The westernmost point at which it 
is known to occur is the Gila Bend, representing here the peripheral ware 
of the Southwest. 

LitTLE CoLoRaDO WARES. 


In addition, it was found that the occurrence of Gila polychrome 
breaks off south of the central Salt River, giving way to black-on-white 
ware, which, with some other Little Colorado types, predominates in 
ruins on both shores of Roosevelt Lake.? For this reason the southern 
boundary of the Little Colorado Region should be extended southward 
to the Salt River, though future work will probably result in differentia- 
tion between the northern and southern parts of this culture area. In 
the following pages the problem concerning the time-relations of these 
pottery groups will be attacked. : 


STRATIGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS AT PUEBLO GRANDE 
AND LA CIUDAD IN THE LOWER SALT AREA 


The results of archeological investigations depend largely upon the 
methods employed by the field-worker. The potsherds upon which this 
study is based were obtained in the sectioning of rubbish heaps and exca- 
vation of rooms. Surface material has not been considered, since in this 
region at least, surface samples will hardly reveal the accurate propor- 
tions of the occurrence of various pottery types. The ideal method of 
determining the chronological sequence of given types is the stratigraphic 
investigation of refuse deposits sometimes found associated with the 
ruins. 

At the sites investigated in the Gila polychrome region, rubbish 
heaps are entirely absent. On the other hand, we find shallow refuse 


1Lumbholtz, Carl, New Trails in Mexico, (New York, 1912) illustration on p. 170. 


2Type ruins: Spring Creek, on the southern shore of Roosevelt Lake and about 4 miles north of 
Spring ee Armer’s Gulch, on the northern shore of the Lake, about 4 miles south of Mr. 
Armer’s ranch, 


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258 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History.  [Vol. XXX, 


heaps in the northern section near Roosevelt Lake, while deep rubbish 
deposits occur at the settlements of the Lower Salt River. Therefore, 
this particular phase of the explorations, namely stratigraphic research, - 
was concentrated on the latter area and especially on one ruin, Pueblo 
Grande.1 The building now forms a conspicuous mound and is situated 
about 7 miles east of Phoenix and 400 meters south of the Arizona Pack- 
ing Plant. The structure, originally three stories high, is surrounded by a 
parapet which runs parallel to the outside wall of the main building. It 
represents the nucleus of an extensive settlement, with a number of 
smaller structures grouped around it.2 In the past Pueblo Grande cer- 


Fig. 4. Sectioning of Refuse Heap at Pueblo Grande. 


tainly accommodated a considerable number of people, though probably 
the various stories were built and inhabited successively. Questions of 
this kind, as well as many others, can only be answered by careful 
excavation. | 

The refuse heap sectioned is 20 meters west of the southwest corner 
of the parapet,’ and rises about 1.20 meters above the surface. For the 
stratigraphic work on the apex of this mound a core three meters square 


1Jdentical with Fewkes’ ‘‘Great Tempe Mound”’ (Prehistoric Ruins of the Gila Valley, 424). 
2The small structures described by previous visitors are now leveled. 


3What seem to be shallow rubbish deposits extend between this heap and the defense wall. Another 
refuse mound, situated east of the main building, has been destroyed by diggings. 


1928. ] Schmidt, Time-Relations in Southern Arizona. 259 


was freed on three sides by trenches 1 meter wide (Fig. 4). After the 
surface was cleared the trenches were carried to a depth of 1.5 meter,! to 
determine whether the deposit was sufficiently deep, to free the core, and 
to learn whether burials were present. Interments would have disturbed 
the sequence of the rubbish layers and stratigraphic work would have 
been rendered useless. The core was cut in layers exactly 15 centimeters 
deep and the contents of each stratum, principally potsherds, were 
recorded. Compact refuse layers, as indicated by streaks of ashes, char- 
coal and similar detritus, were mapped. They show that the center of the 
stratification core reached the apex of the original rubbish deposit 
(Figs. 7and8). The following tables and graphs are based on the sherds 
taken from the individual strata of the core. At La Ciudad,.a two-story 
pueblo situated about four miles west of Pueblo Grande, an additional 
stratigraphic study was made and a core two meters square sectioned in 
order to check the results obtained at the latter ruin. The principal 
graphs based on the material from this ruin will be added to the corres- 
ponding graphs for Pueblo Grande. 

In the tables are given the number of sherds of each ware occurring 
in the layers of the stratified core. Here, as well as in the graphs, the 
strata are designated by roman numerals. The figures in parenthesis 
‘indicate the number of rim sherds contained in the totals. 

The graphs are based on the percentages of the items in the particu- 
lar tables referred to in each case. These percentages, calculated to 
correspond with the purpose of the graphs, have been added to them. 


1Since by this process 14% meters of the core were lost by a cave-in, subsequently the trenches were 
made shallower and the core was freed on all sides. 


POTTERY IN THE ReEFusE Heaps oF PUEBLO GRANDE AND 
LA CIrupDAD 


In the ruins of the Lower Gila region we usually find the following 
pottery classes :— 


{Plain 
Monde eorated e455 1.0 olished- aa 
Decorated xeued 


Corrugated-indented! 

It is obvious that the variations of the proportions of these groups in 
particular sites are significant. The ratios of the main pottery classes 
found at Pueblo Grande are as follows:— 


~ Rim Sherds 
Sherds % % 
Cineeciiad {Plain . 14,924 82.1 6.5 
| Black-polished-interior 2,967 16.2 20.9 
Painted 282 1.6 19.5 


eee Caner eee 1 

The peculiarity of this ruin consists in the total absence of corrugated- 
indented ware, abundant in most areas of the Southwest.? Equally sig- 
nificant is the exceedingly small ratio of painted ware. The ratios of rim 
sherds indicate in a very general way that the dimensions of painted and 
black-polished-interior vessels are approximately the same, whereas pots 
of considerably larger size (ollas) are represented by the plain ware sherds. 


DISTRIBUTION OF SHERDS COMPRISING THE PRINCIPAL PoTTERY CLASSES > 
AT PUEBLO GRANDE 


An explanation of the peculiar distribution of sherds in the core as 
shown by the general curve d in Fig. 5 may in part be found in diagram 
Fig. 7 which shows the course of compact rubbish layers, drawn from the 
cross-section of the northern trench wall (Fig. 8). Starting at the bottom, 
the rubbish contained in strata X VIII to XV is undoubtedly mixed with 
the original surface material. From stratum XV the total curve rises 
rapidly and reaches an apex in stratum XVII, not showing much varia- 
tion in strata XIV to IX. This part, forming the first maximum of 
curve d, coincides with a dense system of striations as shown in Figs. 7 
and 8 (starting above the knee of the man and reaching almost to his 

1F'requent only in the eastern and northern part of this region. 


2See corresponding data from La Ciudad, p. 277. 


8The single slightly indented sherd (see corrugated-indented in description of types) was at once 
recognized as a drift piece from the southern part of the Little Colorado region. 


260 


Yo a .-....-- Decorated 
&-—-—-- Black-polisheo-intperjor 


-——_- 
- 

ete a eee TO ne See em eh A ae Laer Ne 

—- 


Straa a b Cc d 
I 3.2 6.6 10.3 9.6 
II 1.8 6.9 7.0 6.9 
III ote 8.5 apy? 6.9 
IV 3.5 8.7 6.3 6.6 
V Bek 6.2 4.1 4.4 
VI 1.8 aro 4.6 4.7 
VII 5.6 5.0 ot. 5.6 
Vill 3.5 7.0 5.3 a.D 
IX 6.7 real 6.6 6.7 
2 6.7 7.8 7.5 7.6 
XI 8.5 8.2 7.4 7.6 
XII 9.5 6.7 8.4 Sad. 
XIII 12.4 rect) eee Tet 
XIV Ly ae | 5.4 6.4 6.3 
XV 8.1 2.0 oso 3.2 
XVI 4.9 0.8 1,2 1.4 
XVII 2.1 0.3 0.6 0.6 
XVIII 3.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 


Fig. 5. Distribution (in percentages) of the Sherds comprising the Prin- 
cipal Pottery Classes, Pueblo Grande. 


261 


262 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXX, 


shoulder). The high percentage of sherds in stratum XIV which, accord- 
ing to the diagram, is underneath the rubbish, may be due to variations 
in the depth of the refuse, the center of the core being 2.5 meters away 
from the trench wall. Above the old rubbish deposit in strata [X to V, 
which are crossed by well-marked veins with wide distances in between, 
the number of sherds decreases and rises again to a second maximum 
from strata V to I. In the final summary an attempt will be made to 
explain this second increase. The extremely high percentage in the 
uppermost stratum may be due in part to external influences. 

The plain ware curve, c, nearly coincides with the general curve, 
since this ware constitutes the majority of sherds. Curve 6 representing 
black-polished-interior ware follows, in the lower fourteen strata, the 
course of curves c and d, but deviates somewhat from these in the upper 
strata. The distribution of decorated sherds is of particular interest. 
Curve a shows that from the surface to stratum VI their number is small, 
without much variation in the individual strata. Starting in stratum 
VII, the sherds increase steadily until the high point is reached in stratum 
XIV, followed by the typical drop. (See explanations of Figs. 10-12). 


DISTRIBUTION OF SHERDS COMPRISING THE PRINCIPAL POTTERY CLASSES 
AT La CrupaApD 


There is a striking similarity between the phases of the graph shown 
in Fig. 6, based on the corresponding material from La Ciudad, and Fig. 
5, though the rubbish heap of La Ciudad is shallower than that of Pueblo 
Grande. It would be premature to draw conclusions before the decorated 
ware is considered, but it must be kept in mind that the courses of curves 
d and d; closely correspond in the upper five strata, while the phase 
extending in the graph of Pueblo Grande from strata V and XV is con- 
siderably shorter in Fig. 6, reaching from strata V and IX. 


RATIO OF SHERDS COMPRISING THE PRINCIPAL PoTTERY CLASSES AT 
PuEBLO GRANDE AND La CrupapD 


In Fig. 9, curve a, it is indicated that not only the number but also 
the ratio of decorated sherds increases markedly toward the base of the 
refuse heap. Noticeable are also certain correlations between the curves. 
The ratio of the decorated ware and that of the plain ware decreases from 
the bottom upward in favor of an increase of the black-polished-interior 
ware. Starting in stratum V the ratio of black-polished-interior de- 
creases in favor of the plain ware. 


18 
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\ i \ 
SQ YY 
N \ 
8 | | 
\ 
\ 
2 \ 
\ 
i 
; \ 
Y 
\ 
° \ 
\ 
\ 
a \ 
\ 
‘ 
\ 
3 
\ \ 
\ % 
- \ 
\ es 
\ 
1 = 
We 
Dn 
a esac sah Dit 
eee my VMI VIE VIR Xt X XT XT xIV 


Fig. 6. Distribution of the Sherds comprising the Principal Pottery 
Classes at La Ciudad. 


' 263 


eRe felelelalsistteleleletelele 
: 


= 


(aA, jSeinnasinnAnenSsscnAinntSnEnT aia 2.70mM. 
Gore 


Fig. 7. Cross-Section of Northern Trench Wall, Pueblo Grande. 


Fig. 8. North Wall of Trench with Well-Marked Layers, containing 
Charcoal and Ashes (See Fig. 7), Pueblo Grande. 


264 


Strata 
J 

18k 
III 


Fig. 9. Variations in the Ratio of Sherds comprising the Principal Pottery 
Classes at Pueblo Grande. 


= 


Osh CLS oe peel ak ght elles emit ont heh ag ashe eee fad a 
SCOMNOKE AMON PHOOMAANWONHA 


265 


Or 


Or 


b 


POONDOWDAROSOHRANMAHNMONDND 


s 


266 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXX, 


The proof that part of these phenomena are not accidental was 
furnished by the stratigraphic study at La Ciudad. Here too the ratio of 
decorated ware increases toward the bottom. The same correlation 
between black-polished-interior and plain ware exists in the upper strata, | 
while in the lower strata black-polished-interior decreases to such an 
extent that the decorated ware even outnumbers the former, the plain 
ware in contrast to that of Pueblo Grande remaining stable. 


FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION OF DECORATED WARE AT PUEBLO 
GRANDE 
The proportions of the pottery groups shown in Table 2 are as 
follows.— 


Sherds Percent 


Lower Salt 256 90.5 

Central Gila 16 5.6 

Little Colorado 9 O22 

Unknown origin 2 0.7 
TABLE 2 


DeEcorRATED WARE, Types OF Hach AREA COMBINED 


Strata Lower Salt | Central Gila Little Unknown Totals 


Colorado Origin 
I 2 6 1 9 
II 3 2 5 
III nag 4 4 1 9 
IV 10 10 
Vv 5 1 6 
VI 5 5 
Vil 15 1 16 
VIII 9 1 10 
IX 18 1 19 
xX 19 19 
XI 23 1 24 
XII 25 2 27 
XIII 34 1 35 
XIV 36 36 
XV 23 23 
XVI 13 1 14 
XVII 6 6 
XVIII 10 10 
Totals 256 16 9 2 283 


1See diagram in summary and corresponding data from La Ciudad, p. 278. 


Lower Salt 
46----- Central Gilg 


i 
i 
H i C= Little Colorado 
i 1 
i 


= 
fe 
~ 
aca 


S tree 


Ss 


\ ‘ wd is \ ‘ é cay 
$$. f+ _}—_ 4 __ + —_,_ —}—_,— 
I I WV Vice bem Vile Vii eX Fo eX 2 KTS ES XO | I XV XV RV CAVIN 


Strata a b c 
i 0.8 37.5 
II 1.2 12.5 
III 25.0 44.4 
IV 3.9 
V 2.0 Tith 
VI 2.0 
VII 6.0 6.25 
VIII. 3.5 11.1 
IX 7.0 pe! 
xX 7.4 
XI 9.0 6.25 
XII 9.8 12.5 
XIII 13.4 TL 
XIV 14.1 
XV 9.0 
XVI orl tel 
XVII 2.4 
XVIII 3.9 


Fig. 10. Distribution (in percentages) of Decorated Sherds as classified 
in Table 2, Pueblo Grande. 


267 


268 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History  [Vol. XXX, 


It is obvious that the Lower Salt ware far outnumbers the other wares. 


In the graphs shown in Figs. 10-12, representing the most im- 
portant part of this analysis, these pottery groups will be examined as 
to their interrelations within the rubbish core. 

In Fig. 10 the ceramic groups are treated as independent units 
without consideration of their relative frequency. Curve a, representing 
the Lower Salt ware, is distinguished by a smooth stead, course whereas 
the curves of the Central Gila and Little Colorado wares show marked 
irregularity. The apex of the Lower Salt curve, a, is in stratum XIV, 
while the high points of the Central Gila and Little Colorado curves fall 
in the upper three strata. For the ware of unknown origin see Figs. 11 
and 12. 

The striking peculiarity of the graph (Fig. 11) consists in the 
entanglement of the curves in the first three strata, coinciding with the 
drop of curve a. After a steady course as the dominating element in 
fifteen strata the ratio of Lower Salt ware drops, due to the increased 
occurrence of intrusive wares in strata III, II, and I. The interrelation 
between curves a and bis of particular interest. In Fig. 10 it was shown 
that seventy-five percent of the Central Gila ware was found in the 
upper three strata.1 Fig. 13 indicates that this ware, missing in the 
lower strata and found only sporadically in the central strata, outnum- 
bers the Lower Salt ware in the upper strata. Though the “ware of un- 
known origin” is represented only by two sherds found in strata I and 
III, its very occurrence in the upper strata is significant, since fairly 
complete vessels of this type were recovered at the Gila polychrome ruin, 
Togetzoge. 

Fig. 12 combines the graphs in Figs. 10 and 11, showing in their 
actual relations the main points brought out by the two preceding 
graphs, namely :— 

1. The general predominance of the Lower Salt ware below: stratum II and its 
steady increase toward the base of the rubbish. 


2. The small number and sporadic occurrence of the other wares below stratum 
Ill. 
3. The intermingling of all wares and even the predominance of wares other 
than Lower Salt; in particular, the prevalence of Central Gila ware, in the first three 
strata. 


The general preponderance of Lower Salt ware over the other wares 
and its steady increase toward the rubbish bottom are sufficient proof 


1Two out of the three fragments found in strata XI and XII are only 1 square centimeter large, 
the third sherd is doubtful, but resembles Central Gila ware most closely. 


rete Tees Ter ae 


a 


ee eo : = 


Lower Salf 6----Central Gila C----= Little Coloradr: d----- Unknown Origin 


oa 


Strata a b c 
IT 22e2 66.6 lel 4 
II 60.0 40.0 
III 44.4 44.4 11.1 
IV 100.0 
V 83.3 16.6 
ive 100.0 
VII 93.75 6.25 
4 VIII 90.0 10.0 
IX 94.7 5.3 
xX 10.0 
XI 95.8 4.2 
XII 92.6 7.4 
XIII 8 a 2.8 
XIV 100.0 
XV 100.0 
XVI 92.9 rea 
XVII 100.0 
XVIII 100.0 


Fig. 11. Variations of the Ratio of Decorated Sherds as classified in 
Table 2, Pueblo Grande. 


269 


Wena es is 
e 


Lower Salt 
Central Gilg 
Little Colorado 
Unknown Origin 
Total 


OrRN RE NW NN 
era akan 


bd bw 
“Io 


3. 
es 
ky 
5 

3. 
6. 
6. 
8. 
8 

1 

1 

8. 
4. 
2. 


On 


0.35 
0.35 
0.35 
0.35 
0.35 
0.7 
0.35 
0.35 


Fig. 12. Main Graph, Decorated Ware (See Table 2), Pueblo Grande. . 


1928.] Schmidt, Time-Relations in Southern Arizona. 271 


that this ware is de facto the pottery made by the original builders of 
Pueblo Grande. 

Comparing curves a and e! (Fig. 12) we see that the decrease of 
decorated pottery toward the apex of the refuse mound concerns only 
the Lower Salt ware, this decrease reflecting the decline of the manu- 
facture of this ware at Pueblo Grande. But taking the decorated ware as 
a whole, its decrease in the upper strata is checked by the increase of 
other than Lower Salt wares; in particular, by the sudden increase of 
Central Gila ware. This latter fact and the predominance of Central 
Gila ware in the upper three strata, in contrast to the preponderance of 
the Lower Salt ware in the remaining strata, and the disappearance of 
single stray pieces of the former ware? before the Lower Salt ware reaches 
its maximum, justify the conclusion that the Lower Salt ware is con- 
siderably older than the Central Gila ware. The latter appears toward 
the end of the decline of the locally indigenous ware, or even after its 
manufacture at Pueblo Grande had ceased. These conclusions will be 
amplified in the final summary. 


FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION OF DECORATED WARE AT LA CIUDAD 


At La Ciudad, as shown by Fig. 13, the situation is somewhat differ- 
ent. Here Lower Salt ware does not continue to decrease after it dropped 
from the maximum in stratum VII to stratum V. It predominates to 
the apex of the refuse mound, in spite of the occurrence of Gila poly- 
chrome in the upper five strata. However, the principal points referred 
to with regard to Pueblo Grande are exactly paralleled at La Ciudad :— 

1. The unrivaled predominance of Lower Salt ware at the rubbish base indicates 
that this ruin was also built by the makers of this ware. 

2. Central Gila polychrome is a more recent type, since it occurs only in the 
upper five out of fourteen strata and disappears even before the Lower Salt ware 
begins to rise to the strata of its maximal occurrence. 

Of wares other than Salt and Gila only one sherd of Little Colorado 
black-on-white was found in stratum VI. 

There is a correlation between the phases of the graphs in Figs. 12 
and 13 as well as of the graphs in Figs. 5 and 6. The phase extending in 
the graph of La Ciudad from strata V to X corresponds to the much 
longer phase, reaching in Fig. 12 from strata VI to XVII. The phase 
succeeding in the upper strata the drop of the decorated ware, 1.e., 
Lower Salt ware, from its maximum, is in both refuse heaps of about equal 
length (Fig. 12, strata VI to I; Fig. 13, strata V to I). This phase is 


ey 1See also graph, Fig. 5. 
2Probably having migrated within the rubbish heap. 


\7 
i Lower Salt 
h----Central/ Gila 

15 2 awe Little Colorado 
d — Total . 

14 

13 | 

12 


6 

2 

4 

Ae 

x 

1 pore 

‘Bb oe ee 
\ 


I £ 8 No Ve) VO VE  N-- Ik Se ee ee 


Fig. 18. Main Graph, Decorated Ware of La ee 
corresponding to Fig. 12. 


272 


1928.] Schmidt, Time-Relations in Southern Arizona. 273 


accompanied, in both cases, by the occurrence of intrusive types, in 
rarticular, Gila polychrome, which at Pueblo Grande in part even out- 
numbers the older ware. As to the correlation between the occurrence 
of intrusive types and the rise of the total of sherds see p. 281. 


Types oF LOWER SALT WARE AT PUEBLO GRANDE AND LA CIUDAD 


The proportions of the two divisions of Lower Salt ware were :— 


, Rim Sherds 
Sherds % % 
Red-on-yellow (without incisions) 215 84.0 17 2 
Incised-red-on-yellow Al 16.0 24.4 


TABLE 3 
PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF DECORATED LOWER SALT WaRe 


Incised-Red-on- 
Strata Red-on- Yellow Yellow Totals 
I 2 2 
II 3 o 
III . Abeta Shee 
IV © 9 1 10 
V 5 5 
VI 4 1 5 
VIL 14 1 15 
VIII 9 9 
Ix 17 1 18 
xX Uys 2 19 
XI 23 ee os 23 
XII 20 5 25 
XIII 28 6 34 
XIV 25 11 36 
XV 13 10 2a 
XVI 12 i} 13 
XVIT 5 1 6 
XVITI 9 i 10 
Totals 215 41 256 
(37) (10) 


The ratio of red-on-yellow exceeds by far that of incised-red-on-yellow. 
The proportions of rim sherds suggest that only vessels of relatively small 
size were ornamentally incised. The number of such sherds is too small 
to allow a definite statement, but their character strengthens this 
assumption. 


Red-on-yellow ( Without ‘nc/sions) 
6 ------ Laeised-red-on-yellow 
Tota/ 


. 
-"~ 
Pt ~~ / 
Ure ee we Sey 
out ere a ama, en, oe 


I tf 2 WV VE VE VR IX X= XE XS AV a eee 


Strata a b c 
I 

II 
HG 
IV 

Vv 

VI 
VII 
VIIl 
Ix 

x 

XI 
XII 
XIII 
XIV 
XV 
XVI 
XVII 
XVIII 


- © 
bo OO 
— © 
bo CO 


ore ww 


+t 


NRONHWDOMOAARANBON 
PrFOHWwwMmokhonwnoos 


— 


0. 


oo 
Ke) 


Fig. 14. Main Graph, Lower Salt Ware, showing Relations between the 
Two Types (See Table 3), Pueblo Grande. 


274 


1928.] Schmidt, Time-Relations in Southern Arizona. 275 


The corresponding data from La Ciudad are as follows:— 


Rim Sherds 
Sherds % % 
Red-on-yellow (without incisions) 340 89.2 15.3 
Incised-red-on-yellow ae A 10.8 19.5 


I I Tie tVerevoee Vie VIE.» VIE - x x es Ae EVV oe KU ee KVIL, | VILL 
a—Black-on-white b---White-bordered-black-on-red C----Black-on-butt A—Slightly indented 


o- 
Q 
Q 


Strata a 
I 
II 
Ut Sea Lid ot 
LN: 


Fig. 15. Distribution (in percentages) of Little Colorado Types, Pueblo 
Grande. 


Curves a and b (Fig. 14) resemble each other in their general trend, 
but while the increase of red-on-yellow without incisions begins in 
stratum IV, incised-red-on-yellow is found very sparsely in the upper 
eleven strata and frequently only in strata XII to XV. From this graph 
it appears that incised-red-on-yellow is an old variety of Lower Salt 
ware, disappearing prior to red-on-yellow without incisions. This was 


276 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History.  [Vol. XXX, 


not confirmed at La Ciudad, where the proportions of both types remain 
rather stable from top to bottom. 


DISTRIBUTION OF LITTLE COLORADO TypEs AT PUEBLO GRANDE 


Only nine sherds of this group were found representing four distinct 
types which originated in the Little Colorado region. But these types 
are distributed within the core in a very interesting way. From the 
rubbish bottom up to stratum V only black-on-white sherds occur in 
addition to one sherd of ‘‘ white bordered-black-on-red”’ in stratum IX, 
superposed by the remaining sherds in stratum III. (See summary 
D2 t a 


SUMMARY 


The results of the foregoing analysis will now be combined and the 
conclusions amplified by additonal data. As to the general distribution 
of sherds within the stratified core, it has been shown that a correlation 
exists between the number of sherds found in the individual strata and 
the degree of density in the succession of well-marked rubbish layers.! 
These layers, containing much charcoal and ash, vary in thickness from 
three to ten centimeters. They may be sediments which formed at the 
bottom of periodically deposited refuse. 

Of the two principal groups, undecorated and decorated, only the 
decorated ware was found useful as a sensitive instrument for the present 
stratigraphic study. But in spite of our inability at the present time to 
determine, by the aid of sherds, the corresponding variations of un- 
decorated and decorated ware in the Lower Gila region, the variations of 
the proportions of the general pottery classes give valuable information. 
In order to illustrate this point the proportions of these classes at Pueblo 
Grande are shown below in graphic form, together with the corresponding 
diagrams based on sherds from the Spring Creek? ruin, situated on the 
southern shore of Roosevelt Lake, and the Togetzoge ruin® situated 
between Superior and Miami. 

A feature common to all three ruins is the predominance of plain 
ware. Other characteristics are the relatively small ratio of black- 
polished-interior at Spring Creek and at Togetzoge, possibly correlated 
with the high ratio of decorated ware, as a whole, at these ruins as com- 
pared with Pueblo Grande,‘ and the high ratio of corrugated-indented at 
Spring Creek as compared with the exceedingly small percentage of this 
ware at Togetzoge and its absolute absence at Pueblo Grande. At the 
present state of the investigations most of these variations must be 
regarded as local phenomena until more comparative data are at hand, 
but it may be considered a fact that the makers of the Lower Salt ware 
never made corrugated-indented ware. 

As was mentioned above, the most valuable information was ob- 
tained at Pueblo Grande by the analysis of the decorated ware, which 


iSee Figs. 5 and 7. 

2Black-on-white area, sherds recovered by stratigraphic work in a rubbish mound. 
8Gila polychrome area, sherds taken from four excavated rooms. 

‘The corresponding data for La Ciudad, Lower Salt region, are as follows:— 


erds % 
Plain 6512 85.40 
Black-polished-interior 721 9,45 


PQOrUugatead-1ndentecwmoar: uly persis ee UR esr oh, 
Painted 393 faye es 
Compared with Pueblo Grande the percentage of black-polished-interior is lower and that of 
decorated ware higher. 


277 


278 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXX 


indicates that the cultural relations of the former inhabitants of this 
settlement were, at one time or another, with the peoples to the east, 
occupying the Central Gila region, and to the north, or the southern part 
of the Little Colorado region. This fact, as well as the phenomenon of the 
_ locally indigenous ware outnumbering by far the intrusive types at any 
given locality will be shown in the following comparative diagrams! 
(Fig. 17). The wares which constitute only a small percentage of the 
total of decorated sherds at Pueblo Grande? (Fig. 17a) predominate in 
the other two ruins, representing the areas to the east and to. the north 
of the Lower Salt region. The prevailing intrusive wares are: Central 
Gila at Pueblo Grande, Little Colorado at Togetzoge, and Lower Salt 
at Spring Creek. As to the occurrence of Chihuahua polychrome at 
Togetzoge, according to Doctor Kidder*® this ware is contemporaneous 
with Gila polychrome. The home of the ware of unknown origin, 
occurring in very small quantities at the three localities, has yet 
to be found. | 

Returning to Pueblo Grande, the following deductions were made 
from the examination of the graphs in Figs. 10, 11, and 12. The unrivaled 
predominance of Lower Salt ware in general (Fig. 17a) and at the base of 
the refuse, in particular, proves beyond doubt that Pueblo Grande was 
built by the makers of this ware. The slow and steady decrease of Lower 
Salt ware from the bottom upward suggests the equally slow and steady 
decrease of its manufacture at Pueblo Grande, and going tentatively one 
step farther, the fading of the local culture. This statemeut cannot yet 
be generalized, but its correctness, if applied solely to this ruin, is strik- 
ingly supported by the course of curve ain Fig. 12. There may be objec- 
tions to our apparent ignoring of the effects of the law of gravity or the 
migration of sherds by the aid of other agencies as, for example, the work 
of small rodents. These disturbing factors were seriously considered. 
But why does the plain ware increase in the upper strata, while the 
indigenous decorated ware almost disappears (Figs. 5 and 12), and prin- 
cipally, what is the cause of the accumulation of particular intrusive types 
of decorated ware in the upper strata (Figs. 10 to 12). These phenomena 
are correlated and determined by definite events, the effects of which 
have not been obliterated by the migration of single sherds, which beyond 


1Sherds taken at Spring Creek from trenches in six refuse heaps, at Togetzoge from forty-six 
excavated rooms. 


Sherds wi 

2Proportions of decorated wares at La Ciudad: Lower Salt 380 96.95 
Central Gila «11 2.8 

Little Colorado 1 .25 


*Kidder, Alfred Vincent, An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archxology, with a Prelimin- 
ary Account of the Excavations at Pecos, New Haven, 1924 (113). 


Black-poli shed-interior 
Corrugated-indented 
Painted 


Decorated 


Undecorated 5 oa 


Pueblo Grande To eizoge Spring Creek 
a b 
Sherds % ) Sherds % | cheese % ae 
Plain 14924 82.1 \98. 47% 5441 82.4|89.3% 1115 89.0|94.5% 
Black-polished-in- 
terior 2967 16.3 | 456 6.9 94 5.5 
Corrugated-indented 1 0.005| 1.6% 40 0.6\10.7% 41 2.4) 5.5% 
Pointed B8271°6 | 667 10.1f poste 
18174 6604 1302 


Fig. 16. Proportions of Principal Pottery Classes at Pueblo Grande (a), Toget- 
zoge (b), and Spring Creek (c). 


Lower Sa/7 
Central Gila 
Little Colorado 
Unknown Orr gin 


Pueb hb Grande To ore Spring Creek 
a b Cc 
oe ee, ee ee ES 
Sherds % Sherds % Sherds % 
Lower Salt - 256° 90.8 19-2°0;4 24 8.95 
Central Gila 1G hey 4631 94.0 yas UES: 
Little Colorado § 2.8 246 ~=65.0 241 89.9 
Unknown Origin al) ae 25 a OLS gg Oe 
Chihuahua Dine) OF 
282 4926 268 


Fig. 17. Proportions of Decorated Wares at Pueblo Grande (a), Togetzoge (b), 
and Spring Creek ce): 


279 


280 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History.  [Vol. XXX, 


doubt has taken place. Therefore we may state that the contents of the 
refuse heap under examination are distributed at the present time largely 
in the same way as when it ceased to be used. Seen from this viewpoint, 
the cessation of the decrease of sherds in stratum V (Fig. 5), followed by 
a considerable increase toward the apex, gains importance and suggests 
the beginning of a new era at Pueblo Grande, seemingly connected in 
some way or other with Central Gila influence. This assumption is 
supported by the following observations concerning the decorated ware. 

In the Lower Salt ruins Central Gila polychrome has been found to 
such an extent that as a whole, the pottery found at Phoenix and Tempe, 
was referred to as “‘identical with that from the Pueblo Viejo ruins” 
though the latter are situated more than 200 kilometers east of Phoenix 
near the eastern margin of the Gila polychrome area. The decorated 
pottery type prevailing in the Pueblo Viejo section is Central Gila poly- 
chrome according to Fewkes? and Kidder,’ Lower Salt ware (Kidder’s 
red-on-gray) being apparently absent.‘ Prior to stratigraphic research 
it was justifiable indeed to identify the ceramics of the Pueblo Viejo 
district with those found near Phoenix and Tempe, since the “Los 
Muertos” collection® made in the latter region by Cushing in 1886 shows 
a predominance of complete Gila polychrome over Lower Salt red-on- 
yellow vessels. Judging from the results of the present study, this identi- 
fication appears exaggerated, but it illustrates the situation. Further, 
in the two-story building, La Ciudad, two superposed rooms were ex- 
cavated by the author. Inthe upper room built of adobe walls, a broken 
Central Gila polychrome olla, sherds of the same type, and a corrugated- 
indented vessel were found, in addition to Lower Salt ware sherds. In 
the underlying room-filling, separated from the upper one by three 
superimposed living floors, no polychrome sherds occurred, and in 
addition to Lower Salt sherds only one black-on-white fragment.® 
The foregoing points emphasize the significance of the distribution 
of the intrusive decorated types, in particular Gila polychrome, within 
the refuse heaps of Pueblo Grande and La Ciudad. 

While at Pueblo Grande, as referred to above, the plain ware in- 
creased considerably in the upper strata, the decorated Lower Salt ware 


iFewkes J. W., ‘“Two Summers’ Work in Pueblo Ruins (Twenty-second Annual Report, Bureau of 
American Ethnology, part 1, Washington, 1904), 179. 

2Tbid., Decorated Gray Ware, 180. 

3Southwestern Archzxology, 112. 

4Jbed., 112. ; 

5Peabody Museum, Harvard University. 

6The contours of the lower room could not be determined, because time was wanting. But at a 
depth of 3.50 to 4 meters from the surface, upright holes were found containing the charred remains of 
wooden poles. They were part of the lowermost structure and may throw light on the actual composition 
of some of the ‘‘ pyramidal substructures’’ mentioned frequently in regard to the Gila-Salt ruins. 


@ 


1928.] Schmidt, Time-Relations in Southern Arizona. 281 


continued to decrease and was replaced by other decorated types, as 
shown in Figs. 11 and 12. The occurrence of the principal intrusive type, 
Central Gila polychrome, coincides with the rise of the plain ware, this 
phenomenon being exactly paralleled at La Ciudad (Figs. 6 and 7). 
These combined criteria leave no doubt that Central Gila polychrome is 
a far more recent variety of Southwestern pottery than Lower Salt red- 
on-yellow (incised and smooth), and it-may be assumed that the appear- 
ance of the Gila ware in the Lower Salt region was accompanied by a 
new, though certainly short-lived culture epoch. At the present time it 
would be premature to suggest whether this new era was due to an actual 
invasion of the eastern neighbors or to close culture exchange between 
the Lower Salt and Central Gila populations, and whether there exist 
evolutionary relations. Systematic excavations would doubtless answer 
these questions.! 


At this point it is interesting to compare the foregoing conclusions 
as to the time-relations of Lower Salt and Central Gila wares with state- 
ments made by J. W. Fewkes concerning the relative age of Salt and 
Gila ruins :— 

The Salt River ruins are commonly regarded by the Pimas as older than those 
along the Gila arid Santa Cruz. The legends of these Indians declare that the culture 
of their builders was somewhat more advanced and older than that of the Gila, but 
that the “compounds” of these two regions were inhabited simultaneously. It is 
said that there was a constant communication between them and that the relations 


were not always friendly. An examination of the ruins of the two regions indicates 
that those of the Salt are more ancient than those of the Gila and the Santa Cruz.” 


The last statement by Fewkes is seemingly based on the more or 
less advanced disintegration of architectural remains, for he remarks 
before :— 


-,... none of them [referring to Salt River ruins] show walls standing above 
ground, a fact indicating great age. 


In the present case this assumption proved to be right, but in general the 
preservation of walls cannot be regarded as a reliable criterion. The 


1In addition to the relative frequency of Gila polychrome in the Lower Salt region, there is one 
particular criterion pointing toward an actual inhabitation by the makers of polychrome of at least part 
ofthis area. At Los Muertos, according to Cushing, two methods of disposing of the dead were en- 
countered, cremation and inhumation. While examining the Peabody Museum photographs repre- 
senting the burial sites of Los Muertos and neighboring ruins, we noticed that the decorated incinerary 
urns were Lower Salt red-on-yellow, while the decorated mortuary vessels accompanying uncremated 
skeletons were Central Gila polychrome. On the other hand, it was known that at Togetzoge, in the 
polychrome area, only inhumation was practised. Future work will have to show to what extent 
these observations can be generalized, since Fewkes reports that cremation was also practised in 
villages of the Pueblo Viejo section situated in the polychrome region (Two Summers’ Work in 
Pueblo Ruins, 175). However this may be, judging from the above-mentioned photographs, in 
settlements of the Lower Salt region cremation is associated with the old Lower Salt ware, inhumation 
with the more recent Gila polychrome, and it must be admitted that these criteria speak decidedly for 
a dual occupation. 


2J. W. Fewkes, Prehistoric Ruins of the Gila Valley, 420. 


282 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXX, 


statement concerning the simultaneous inhabitation of the ‘Salt, Gila, 
and Santa Cruz compounds’” could, without difficulty, be checked up by 
means of stratigraphic studies. It can only refer to the last phase of the 
Lower Salt culture, if the Gila and Santa Cruz compounds mentioned by 
Fewkes were built by the polychrome makers. Nevertheless, the im- 
portant point is that according to Pima legends the Lower Salt ruins 
are older than the settlements situated eastward, this tradition having 
been verified by the present study.? It is possible, of course, that this is 
an accidental coincidence. 

Regarding now the relations between the Lower Salt region and the 
southern part of the Little Colorado area, it is found that in contrast to 
the relative frequency of Gila polychrome, Little Colorado ware occurs 
very infrequently in the Lower Salt region, usually in the form of sherds 
only. It has been previously mentioned that the distribution of the 
individual types of this ware found within the core of the refuse mound of 
Pueblo Grande is significant. To explain this it is necessary to consider 
first the range of Little Colorado types at Spring Creek and Togetzoge 
ruins. 

The foregoing diagrams are based on the same material which was 
used for the diagrams in Fig. 17b and c, but Fig. 18 is confined to painted 
Little Colorado types, indigenous in the area represented by Spring 
Creek and intrusive at Togetzoge. The most striking feature is the ab- 
solute lack of black-on-white ware at Togetzoge. Not one sherd of this 
type was found in the latter ruin, though to date fifty-two rooms, in 
addition to the common burial ground, have been excavated. In contrast, 
we notice that the majority of painted sherds at Spring Creek are black- 
on-white. Further, those types which representthe principal intrusive wares 
at Togetzoge constitute only a small percentage of Spring Creek pottery. 
These facts give us an exceedingly clear-cut cross-section on which the 
time-relations of Togetzoge to Spring Creek in particular and of Central 
Gila polychrome to certain Little Colorado types, in general, are well 
marked. Though the southern part of the Little Colorado area has not yet 
been worked out as to the character and range of ceramics, stratigraphic 


1Pueblo Grande is referred to by Fewkes as a compound. 


2The origin and movements of the Piman tribes is a highly interesting problem, necessarily linked 
with archeological investigations of southern Arizona and northern Mexico. It could be solved by 
tracing back their remains, left in the deserted villages, rancherias, and camps which are scattered over — 
the old ‘‘Papagueria’’ extending from the Gila to the Arroyo de San Ignacio in Sonora and from the 
Santa Cruz to the Gulf of California. (Map of Papago Rancherias, present and past, Lumholtz, New 
Trails in Mexico). 

Equally important is the question whether the ancestors of the Yuma who live on the Colorado 
ee practise cremation and make pottery, had their share in the development of the Lower Salt 
culture. 


1928.] Schmidt, Time-Relations in Southern Arizona. 283 


studies pursued in the northern sector of this region by Spier! and Hodge,’ 
and in the Rio Grande region by Nelson? and Kidder* permit a fairly 
exact explanation of the present phenomenon. Wherever stratigraphic 
research was made, black-on-white was found associated with the earliest 
remains of the Pueblo period, other pottery types following successively 


8/ack-on-white 
Glack-on-red 
White-bordered-b/ack-onred 
Black-glaze-on-brown 

- Black-glaze with-white-on brown 
White-on-red 


Spray Crsek Togetzoge 

Spring Creek % Togetzoge % 
Black-on-white _ 217 90.0 
Black-on red iz tel 167 67.9 
White-bordered-black-on-red 2 0.8 71 28.9 
Black (glaze)-on-brown 2 0.8 3 £32 
Black (glaze)-with white-on-brown P: 0.8 
White-on-red 3 1.2 3 1.2 

241 246 


Fig. 18. Proportions of Little Colorado Types at Spring Creek (a) and Toget- 
zoge (b). 


and partly overlapping the preceding ones. According to Spier, whose 
observations agree rather closely with those of Hodge, the sequence of 
painted types found in the northern Little Colorado region is as follows :— 
1. Black-on-white 
2. Decline of black-on-white accompanied by the rise of redware:— 
a. Redware with black paint® 
b. Redware with black-and-white paint® 
3. Black glaze and white paint on red, etc.’ 
Applying as a clue the main points of this chronology as well as the general 
fact of the relative antiquity of black-on-white, we may conclude:— 


1Spier, Leslie, ‘“‘An Outline for a Chronology of Zufii Ruins’”’ (This series, vol. 18, part 3, 1917); 
‘Notes on Some Little Colorado Ruins” (This series, vol. 18, part 4, 1918). __ 

2Hodge, F. W., ‘Circular Kivas near Hawikuh, New Mexico”’ (Contributions from the Museum of 
the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. 7, no. 1, 1923), 27ff. 

3Nelson, N. C., ‘““Chronology of the Tano Ruins, New Mexico”’ (American Anthropologist, n.se 
vol. 8, pp. 159-180, 1916). 

4Kidder, Southwestern Archzology, 21ff. 

5Condensation of Spier’s report in Kidder, Southwestern Archzology, 90. 

6Black-on-red of present report. 

7W hite bordered-black-on-red found in the southern part of this region seems to be an intermediat 
type between 26 and 3. 


284 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXX, 


The intrusive Little Colorado types found in considerable number 
at Togetzoge, associated with the indigenous Gila polychrome, are of 
more recent origin than Little Colorado black-on-white. Since the latter 
type is entirely absent at Togetzoge, in spite of its predominance in a 
series of ruins represented by Spring Creek and situated, of all Little 
Colorado ruins nearest to Togetzoge, it follows that Gila polychrome in 
this region, at least, was not made before the end of the black-on-white 
era of the Little Colorado region.! Contemporaneous with Gila polychrome 
are those Little Colorado types found associated with the former ware 
at Togetzoge, i.e., principally black (paint)-on-red and white bordered- 
black (subglaze)-on-red. | 

Turning back to the starting point, namely the problem as to the 
time-relations between Lower Salt ware and Little Colorado types, we 
find that this question is answered to a large extent by the determina- 
tion of the relations between Central Gila ware and Little Colorado types 
succeeding black-on-white. From this viewpoint the occurrence of a few 
black-on-white sherds distributed over strata V to XVI of the Pueblo 
Grande refuse heaps gains importance (the maxima of the other 
intrusive types falling in the upper three strata).? Other criteria are the 
relative frequency of Lower Salt driftware in the refuse mounds of the 
black-on-white Spring Creek ruin, noticed also at other ruins of this 
section, as compared with the trivial percentage of the former ware at 
Togetzoge,? and mainly the co-occurrence of Lower Salt red-on-yellow 
with black-on-white mortuary pottery found by the author in a burial 
ground on the northern shore of Roosevelt Lake.t These combined 
criteria show rather convincingly that the Lower Salt ware is contempo- 
raneous with Little Colorado black-on-white, but final information as 
to the extent of cultural relations between the makers of the two wares 
must be sought in the ruins situated on the lower Rio Verde. One very 
important question must at present be left unanswered—the relations 

1A phenomenon somewhat paralleling the situation in the Lower Salt region is encountered in the 
Roosevelt Lake district. While on the surface of ruins and also in rooms, fragmentary Gila polychrome 
vessels are found, in the refuse heaps accompanying the ruins hardly any polychrome sherds occur. It 
may be assumed therefore, that either the polychrome makers inhabited for a short time the settle- 
ments deserted by the makers of black-on-white, or the makers of those Little Colorado types which 


succeeded black-on-white inhabited the black-on-white ruins and stood in close cultural relations to the 
polychrome makers. 


2Graphs Figs. 15 and 12: white bordered-black-on-red—contemporaneous with Gila polychrome— 
in strata III and 1X; sherd of buffware—according to Spier associated in some ruins with white bordered 
black-on-red—in stratum III (Spier, Leslie, ‘‘ Ruins in the White Mountains, Arizona’’, This series, 
vol. 18, part 5, 367); ware of unknown origin—to date found most closely associated with Gila poly- 
chrome—in strata I and III. 

3Fig. 17. 

4Armer’s Gulch Ruin on map (Fig. 1). Near this ruin eight graves arranged in a uniform manner 
were uncovered. Two contained fragmentary red-on-yellow pots in addition to black-on-white sherds. 


The painted ware accompanying the remaining burials was black-on-white. Only one sherd of a crude 
black-on-red variety was found in these graves. 


1928.] Schmidt, Time-Relations in Southern Arizona. 285 


between the Lower Salt population and the ancient inhabitants of the 
State of Sonora in northern Mexico. It is our conviction that in this 
territory the clue will be found for certain foreign—non-Southwestern— 
features, puzzling the investigator of the Lower Salt and Central Gila 
regions. There is no doubt that agricultural tribes inhabited Sonora in 
prehistoric times.! Investigations of their remains and subsequent ex- 
plorations toward the south would finally result in linking up the Pueblo 
region with the cultures of Central Mexico. This is one of the most 
important problems for the Southwestern archeologist to solve. 


The following schematic diagram (Fig. 19) illustrates the con- 
clusions in condensed form :— 


ee 
Oo 
oz ro) 
o pes 
== - 
v 
a : 
ao o 
<C- nd 
: 2 
aa 
Sc a. 
ae 2 
cm 
a 
Dw 
Z>D 
or 
<4 


Fig. 19. Time Relations of Principal Decorated Types. I, Lower Salt 
red-on-yellow and incised-red-on-yellow; II, Central Gila polychrome; ITI, 
Little Colorado black-on-white; IV, Little Colorado black-on-red; V, Little 
Colorado white-bordered-black-on-red; VI, Little Colorado black (glaze) 
(with white)-on-brown. 


We do not yet know the duration or the accurate extent of over- 
lapping of the periods represented by these pottery types. Future re- 
search will lengthen or shorten the columns of this diagram as our know- 
ledge concerning these points increases. Certain columns drawn sep- 
arately may appear inserted and superposed when we know more about 
the evolutionary relations. Nevertheless, the foregoing diagram, illus- 


iLumholtz, ibid., 140 ff, 179 ff; Bandelier, A. F., ‘Final Report of Investigations among the 
Indians of the Southwestern United States, part Il’”’ (Papers, Archzxological Institute of America, Ameri- 
can Series, no. 4, Cambridge, 1892), 482 ff. 


286 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXX, 


trating the chronological sequence of the principal types encountered, 
is essentially true and presents a clue for archeological work in southern 
Arizona. | 

Though the present report deals only with the locally important 
question of the time-relations of ceramic types found in the Gila and Salt 
regions, the results representing the sequence of culture periods in this 
particular area will gain general importance by a comparative study of 
the cultural complexes defined by the various contemporaneous or suc- 
cessive pottery types. 


POTTERY TYPES 


The following descriptions do not represent a detailed comparative 
study of the ceramics under consideration but are merely added to 
enable the student to identify sherds or vessels belongity to the particular 
pottery types mentioned. 


DECORATED PoTTERY—PAINTED 
LOWER SALT WARE 


Under this heading fall two types, red-on-yellow (Fig. 20) and incised-red-on- 
yellow. One may distinguish subdivisions like red-on-gray and red-on-grayish- 
black, according to variations of the ground color, but most vessels have a whitish 
yellow base color due to a wash of this shade, which covers either the painted or both 
surfaces. In cases where the wash is thin or missing, the ground color is that 
of the paste, reddish yellow. The pigment of the ornamentation is in dark and light 
shades of brown red. The decoration is usually applied on the interior of bowls, but 
sherds with bilateral decoration occur, the exterior design in many cases simply con- 
sisting of oblique strokes. The paste is often rather coarse and contains small particles 
of crystalline rock and mica. The latter occurs also frequently on the surfaces of 
vessels, perhaps intentionally mixed with the wash for its decorative effect. 


Incised-red-on-yellow is in every respect like red-on-yellow without incisions, 


except for an additional ornamentation in incised lines running, in each case, parallel 


to the rim of the vessel on the exterior (Fig. 21). In many cases these lines do not 
join, resulting in a slight overlapping. The incisions were always made before the 
decoration in paint was applied. The average width of the grooves, which are made 
by a pointed instrument, is 1 mm., the average depth 4 mm. The distances between 
the lines vary from 4 to 10 mm. 

The scarcity of complete Lower Salt vessels has been previously noted by Doctor 
Kidder. There are some representative pieces in private collections in Phoenix and 
the vicinity and in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, but their number is 
very limited. Complete incised-red-on-yellow pots are not available at all. 

Large vessels of olla form are rare, but Judging from the sherds, some of them 
approached the size of Gila polychrome ollas. One fine example of a large double olla 
was found near Gila Bend (Fig. 20f). Small ollas are more common (Fig. 20a, c). 


Fig. 20. Red-on- Yellow Vessels, Lower Salt Region. a-c, Small ollas and 
pitcher from Buckeye, Brooster Collection, McDonald Ranch, Buckeye; 
d—e, Small olla and bowl from site one mile east of Phoenix; (d, Anderson Collec- 
tion, Phoenix; e, Mrs. W. B. Thompson Collection, Superior); f, Double olla 
from Gila Bend (Photograph by Dr. O. A. Turney); g-7, Bowl, plate, and 
pitcher from ruin six miles north of Sacaton, L. Jaeger Collection, Phoenix. 


287 


Fig. 21. Incised Red-on-Yellow Sherds. a, Bowl, surface, La 
Ciudad; 5, c, d, e, 7, Bowls, surface, Pueblo Moroni; f, Bowl (?), refuse 
heap, Stratum XV, Pueblo Grande;: g, Olla (?); h, Bowl, surface, Pueblo 
Grande; j, bowl, Stratum XII, Pueblo Grande. American Museum 
Collection. 


288 


1928. ] Schmidt, Time-Relations in Southern Arizona. 289 


Pitcher: Fig. 20 b, 7. 

Bowl: Deep, somewhat more than hemispherical, narrow rim (Fig. 20e). 

Shallow, flat bottom, broad rim (Fig. 20g). 

Plate: Disk-shaped, slightly concave (Fig. 20h). 

Dipper: In the collection of Doctor Turney of Phoenix, one dipper was seen, 
which belongs to the elongated dipper-bowl type. 

The incised-red-on-yellow sherds indicate that incisions were applied principally 
on bowls, on small ollas, urns, and possibly on pitchers. 

As far as is known to date, there does not seem to be any distinction between 
the style of decoration employed on the two Lower Salt types. The most striking 
feature of Lower Salt designs is the use of more or less conventionalized life forms 
(Fig. 22) as well as geometric ornamentation, in contrast to all the other wares of the 
adjacent regions, which have only geometric patterns.' (Fig. 23). This fact, as 
well as the peculiar stylistic treatment of many designs (Fig. 24), which induced 
Kidder to speak of the “impressionist school of the Southwest”? shows the funda- 
mental difference between the art of the Lower Salt population and that of their con- 
temporaneous and successive close neighbors. This, of course, concerns only the 
inhabitants of the regions to the east and north of the Lower Salt area, since the 
territory to the south—the Mexican State of Sonora—is entirely unknown.’ 


CENTRAL GILA POLYCHROME 


The well-known Central Gila polychrome type is identical with Kidder’s poly- 
chrome redware.* It occurs in the form of large and small ollas, bowls, pitchers, bird 
and shoe-shaped vessels. Dippers, according to Kidder are rare. 

The exposed surfaces of the vessels bear a red or red-brown slip. The designs in 
black paint are applied on an additional white slip. The bottoms of ollas and the un- 
decorated parts of bowls are left red and red bands are sometimes introduced into 
the designs. 

Bowls are usually decorated on the interior, but exterior and bilateral ornamenta- 
tion occurs. 

The paste is finer than most of the associated plain ware. The cross-sections of 
sherds show, as a rule, a grayish black core with reddish margins. 

The type has been described by Doctor Kidder in a way which makes further 
definition at this place unnecessary. For the sake of comparison some vessels are 
illustrated. (Fig. 25a-b). 

LITTLE COLORADO WARE 


Most of the types falling within this category and represented in the present paper 
originate in the region between the Little Colorado and Salt Rivers. This territory, 
in particular the section drained by the Rio Verde, Tonto Creek, and Cherry Creek, is 
nearly terra incognita as to the range and technology of ceramic types. Judging from 


1To0 be sure, Gila polychrome and Little Colorado black-on-white vessels are sometimes modeled 
partly or entirely in animal form, but no naturalistic designs occur. 

2Kidder, Southwestern Archeology, 111. 

8Doctor A. L. Kroeber directed our attention to the interesting fact that in the westernmost part of 
the archzeological Lower Salt region, on both sides of the Colorado River, the present day Mohave make 
pottery resembling the prehistoric red-on-yellow ware. Mohave pottery has not yet been studied, but 
judging from specimens in the Peabody Museum, the pigment of the ornamentation and seemingly the 
paste closely resemble the pigment and paste of the ancient ware, though the designs show no relation. 


4Kidder, Southwestern Archzxology, 109. 


Fig. 22 


d 


Fig. 23 


Fig. 22. Conventionalized Life Form Designs on Red-on-Yellow Ware, Lower 
Salt Region. a, Human being, Los Hornos (Peabody Museum Collection, 4208); 
b, Human being, on olla, Stratum VI, refuse heap, La Ciudad (American Museum 
collection); c, Human being, Los Muertos (Peabody Museum Collection, 505); 
d, Animal on olla, Los Muertos (Peabody Museum Collection, 2278); e, Duck 
on olla, Stratum XIII, refuse heap, La Ciudad (American Museum collection). 


Fig. 23. Geometric Designs on Red-on-Yellow Ware, Lower Salt Region. 
a, Neck of olla, surface, Pueblo Grande; 6, Bowl, surface, Pueblo Moroni; 
c, Neck of olla, surface, Pueblo Moroni; d, Olla, surface, Pueblo Grande; e, 
Olla, Los Muertos (Peabody Museum Collection, 2279); jf, Olla, surface, Pueblo 
Moroni. 


1928.] Schmidt, Time-Relations in Southern Arizona. 291 


what is known, it seems certain that future work will establish a separation of the 
northern and southern sections of the Little Colorado area, incorporating part of the 
southern district into the Upper Gila region. 


Black-on-White. Nearly all sherds and vessels of this type, samples of which are 
illustrated, were recovered in the vicinity of Roosevelt Lake. They show strong 
Upper Gila influence and in many cases cannot be distinguished at all from the black- 
on-white of this area. As to technology, the paste is rather fine, grayish white, and 
coated with a white slip, which as a rule is applied bilaterally. Some narrow-mouthed 
pieces bear a slip only on the exterior. The pigment of the ornamentation is black 
paint, in some instances discolored to rust-brown. Bowls are painted interiorly, very 
seldom on both faces. 


PE 

Fig. 24. Unit All-Over Designs on Red-on-Yellow Ware, Lower Salt Re- 
gion. a-a', Interior and exterior of bowl, surface, La Ciudad; b-b!, Interior and 
exterior of bowl, Stratum XII, La Ciudad; c-c!, Interior and exterior of bowl, 
Los Muertos (Peabody Museum Collection, 2276). 


The few pots available at the present time represent the following forms:— 

Small olla: Identical with the ‘‘standard jar” of the Upper Gila. 

Pitcher: An interesting vessel of this type is shown on Fig. 26d. It isa “‘tripod’’ 
with twisted handle, reminding one of like shapes of the upper Gila. The pitchers 
(Fig. 26b, f) correspond in shape with the small ollas. The handle of Fig. 26f con- 
sists of three parallel strands. 

Seed-jar: 

Bowl: Fig. 26, c, e. 

Bowls are decorated with triangular fields or with band designs, leaving an 
empty three-cornered or circular space in the center. The lips are, in some cases, 
dotted or blackened. The neck designs of narrow-mouthed vessels sometimes form 
a repetition of the body designs, but rows of dashes encircling the upper neck occur 


Fig. 25. Central Gila Polychrome Vessels. a, Short-necked ollas, convex 
olla neck, and sherd of bowl from Rooms 14 and 15, Togetzoge (Mrs. W. B. ~ 


Thompson Collection, Superior); 6, Small olla and bowls from burial x!, Room 
25, Togetzoge (Mrs. W. B. Thompson Collection, Superior). 


292 


Fig. 26 


Fig. 27 


Fig. 26. Little Colorado Black-on-White Vessels. a, c, é, Bowls; b-f, 
Pitchers; d, Tripod pitcher. From burial ground near Armer’s Gulch ruin. 
b, c, e, Mrs. W. B. Thompson Collection, Superior. 


Fig. 27. White-on-Red Vessels, Little Colorado Region. a, Bowl, burial 
in Room 25a, Togetzoge; b, Bowl, burial in Room 51, Togetzoge. Mrs. W. B. 
Thompson Collection, Superior. 


293 


294 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History.  [Vol. XXX, 


also. Dotted handles are common. The designs present a number of common South- 
western, in particular Upper Gila, features: interlocking key figures, interlocking 
frets, terraced devices in contrasted black and hatching, checkerboard design, etc. 


Black-on-Red. Of this type only sherds were found. The majority are from 
bowls, but a few fragments of narrow-mouthed vessels are contained in the collection. 
The paste is of medium fineness and varies in color from gray to grayish-black, some- 
times turning red toward the edges of cross-sections. Bowls are bilaterally coated with 
a red or brown slip, which is mostly dull, but in some cases very bright and well 
smoothed. The decoration, applied as a rule only on the interior of bowls, consists of 
dull black paint which can easily be scratched with a knife point. 


On the sherds contained in the collection wavy and terraced lines, scrolls, hatched 
fields, and checker designs occur. 


White-bordered-Black-on-Red. This type is named after the characteristic decora- 
tion found on sherds of bowls and what seem to be small jars. No complete vessels 
were recovered. The upper exterior face of bowls is often encircled by two black 
bands bordered with white lines in paint, the space between being also filled with 
designs in white. The interior of the bowls is decorated in a similar way, but the 
decoration in white is sometimes missing. The type is identical with that mentioned 
by Spier! and the ‘‘dentiform” design described by him occurs frequently. The char- 
acteristics of this ware are so distinct, that fragments not bearing any decoration are 
easily classifiable. The paste is grayish-white, uniform and fine. Both surfaces of 
bowls bear a bright red slip and are in most cases well smoothed. The fractures of the 
sherds are sharp. The black pigment of the ornamentation may be called a subglaze, 
since it resists a knife pers and is often somewhat ek, and crackled, but the lines 
are usually clear and sharp.” 


Black (Glaze)-on-Brown and Black (Glaze)-with-White-on-Brown. These terms 
were chosen to designate a few sherds of bowls having a brown slip on both faces and 
decorated on the interior with glossy, often running, lines in black glaze. In some 
cases the exterior is decorated with designs in white paint. To the latter pieces the 
second term was applied. Otherwise the two varieties do not show any difference. 
They are probably related to black-on-red and white-bordered-black-on-red but are 
distinguished by their lustrous black glaze. The paste being grayish-black, resembles 
only that of black-on-red. 

Black-on-Buff. A single sherd encountered in the refuse heap of Pueblo Grande is 
the only representative of this type found during the explorations. It is a fragment of a 
thin-walled bowl, bearing a light buff slip on both sides, with a design in black paint 
on the interior. It certainly originated in the buffware area of the Little Colorado 
region. | 

White-on-Red. At Togetzoge three broken bowls of this type were recovered 
and restored in addition to some sherds of bowls and ollas found at the same locality 
and near Roosevelt Lake which together are the only known examples of this type. 
In the latter region sherds of this type are more frequent. The paste is of rather coarse 
texture, reddish or grayish. The decoration consists of white lines applied exteriorly 
on a brick-red slip. Faint indentations occur on some pieces. The interior of bowls 


ISpier, Ruins in the White Mountains, Arizona, 367. 


2Excellent illustrations of vessels of this type are shown inFewkes’, Two Summers’ Work in Pueblo 
Ruins, colored plates XL, XLVII, and LXIII 8, c. . 


Fig. 28. Designs on Little Colorado Black-on-Red Ware. a, Interior of 
bowl, trench in refuse mound a, Spring Creek; b, Interior of bowl, Room 25a, 
Togetzoge; c, Interior of bowl, Room 7, Togetzoge; d, Interior of bowl, Room 
17, Togetzoge. 


295 


Fig. 29. White-Bordered-Black-on-Red Ware from the Little Colorado 
Region. a-a', Exterior and interior of bowl, Trench 4, Togetzoge; b-b', Exterior 
and interior of bowl, Room 11, Togetzoge; c-c', Exterior and interior of bowl, 
surface, Armer’s Gulch; d-d', Exterior and interior of bowl, trench in Refuse 
Mound b, Spring Creek, 


296 


Fig. 30. White-on-Red Designs on Little Colorado 
Ware. a, Olla, Room b, Armer’s Gulch; b, Olla, surface, 
Armer’s Gulch; c, Bowl (?), surface, Armer’s Gulch; 
d, Olla, surface, Armer’s Gulch. 


297 


298 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXX, 


and, in some cases, the interior of necks of ollas is grayish-black, but hardly ever 
polished. The designs on all three bowls from Togetzoge are stars built of parallel 
lines to which hatched triangles or short dashes are attached. 


WARE OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN 


Red Brown-on-Buff-Black-Polished-Interior. Complete vessels of red brown-on- 
buff-black-polished interior type were found to date only at the Gila polychrome ruin, 
Togetzoge, some bowls of shallow form having been recovered. The color of the orna- ‘ 
mentation is red brown applied exteriorly on a well smoothed, buff colored slip. The 
interior is always black and highly polished. The paste is gray and fine. The designs 
seem to be rather uniform and usually consist of a series of rhombs built up of inter- 
locking lines which end in opposed triangular corner-fillings with saw-toothed edges. 


Decoratep Porrery—CorruGatrep INDENTED AND SLIGHTLY INDENTED 


Within the limits of the territory under examination this ware is frequent only in 
the northern black-on-white section and in the eastern half of the Gila polychrome 
region. The sherds collected near Roosevelt Lake show quite a number of variations: 
fine and crude corrugations, various types of indentations and additional indented, 
incised, and painted ornamentations (Fig. 33). About 20 to 30 percent have black 
polished interiors, again indicating Upper Gila influence. At Roosevelt Lake sherds 
of large and small ollas and bowls of true corrugated-indented were recovered, while 
at Togetzoge only three fragmentary ollas occurred, but it is doubtful whether they 
were made at this locality. Slightly-indented is a variety of corrugated ware with 
“wiped” indentations, the coils being nearly or entirely obliterated (Fig. 32). The 
paste is of medium fineness, sometimes coarse and is gray, grayish-black or reddish. 
The rugose surface of some vessels, in particular slightly indented, is covered with a 
reddish-brown slip or wash. : 


UNDECORATED PoTTERY 


It has been stated before that at the present time it is not yet pos- 
sible to determine by means of sherds the difference between the un- 
decorated wares made in the various sections of the Lower Gila region. 


BLACK-POLISHED INTERIOR 


Sherds of this type are easily recognizable on account of their black, smooth, — 
and often glossy interior. The exterior in almost every case bears a bright red or 
brown slip with firing clouds.1 


PLAIN WARE 


An attempt was made to establish subdivisions of this ware like coarse ware, red- 
ware, smooth redware, and smooth brownware. However, it was found hopeless to 
make sharp distinctions, since grades of fineness and smoothness as well as color shades 
fade into each other. Only smooth redware is a rather distinct variety. Itis scarce at 


1F or detailed description see Kidder, Southwestern Archzology, 107, redware with black polished 
interior. ; ; 


Fig. 31. Ware of Unknown Origin, Red Brown-on-Buff, Black-Polished- 
Interior. 


Fig. 32. Slghtly Indented Vessels. Fragmentary urn and bowls from 
burial ground near Armer’s Gulch ruin (small olla and urn in back row; plain- 
ware with red slip). Mrs. W. B. Thompson Collection, Superior. 


299 


Fig. 33. 


Spring Creek. The upper four sherds are from bowls with black-polished in- 
terior, the remaining sherds are from ollas. 


Corrugated-Indented Sherds from Refuse Mounds a and g, 


300 


- Fig. 34 


Fig. 85 


Fig. 34. Plain Ware Vessels. Small ollas (back row) and urns (front row) 
from rooms and burials in Togetzoge Ruin. Mrs. W. B. Thompson Collection, 
Superior. Urn farthest to the left, black-polished-interior, American Museum 
Collection. 


Fig. 35. Plain Ware Vessels. a, Duck-shaped vessel with human face, 
perforated ears and nose, breasts indicated, with Skeleton 39, burial ground, 
Togetzoge (Mrs. W. B. Thompson Collection, Superior); b, Olla from Buckeye, 
Lower Salt Region, Brooster Collection, McDonald ranch, Buckeye; c, Pitcher 
and ladle from grave in La Ciudad ruin. Ladle, in American Museum Collec- 
tion. 


301 


302 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. 6.0.6 


Togetzoge but relatively frequent in the Roosevelt Lake ruins and on the Lower Salt. 
The sherds of this sub-type are those of ladles and bowls. They have a red slip only 
on the exterior, in some cases showing vertical (less frequently horizontal) striations 
made by a rubbing implement and producing a decorative effect (‘‘onionware’’) 
(lig. 36). This feature, having the same range as smooth redware, is also found on 


Fig. 36. Onion Ware Urn, from near Skeleton 4, Refuse Mound g, Spring 
Creek. . 


s 


black-polished-interior vessels. The majority of plain ware pots are apparently un- 
slipped, their surfaces showing a great variety of gray, brown, and reddish shades. 
Firing clouds are common on all plain ware vessels. The paste is usually much coarser 
than that of the decorated pottery. The following vessel shapes are found: olla, 
pitcher, urn, bowl, dipper, shoe-shaped and duck-shaped pots. The common forms 
were described by Kidder.' Figs. 34 and 35 present supplementary illustrations. A 
distinctive feature of Lower Salt plain ware has yet to be mentioned. Several bowls 
andsmall narrow-mouthed vessels from a ruin near Buckeye have circular depressions 
on the bottom to give the vessel greater stability. 


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1Kidder, Southwestern Archzxology, 108, 109. 


5% £15 BO A 


